Abbreviations and conventions
ABL ab la tive
ACC ac cu sa tive pro nom i nal pre fix
ADV ad ver bial
ALL allative
AN an i mal (class)
ASP as pect
C con so nant
COLL col lec tive
COM comitative
CONT con tin u ous
DAT da tive
DEF.SUB def i nite sub ject
DEP de pend ent clause marker
DIR di rec tional
DU dual
EMP em phatic
excl ex clu sive
FEM fem i nine
FUT fu ture
GEN gen i tive
HUM hu man (class)
IMP im per a tive
incl in clu sive
INS in stru men tal
IRR irrealis
LOC locative
MAS mas cu line
MD mood
NEUTM neu ter M class
NEUTN neu ter N class
NEUTW neu ter W class
NOM nom i na tive pro nom i nal pre fix
NUM num ber
OBL oblique pro nom i nal
OPT op ta tive
PA paucal
PASS pas sive
pl plu ral
PROX prox i mal
PST past
REF re flex ive/re cip ro cal
sg sin gu lar
SUBJ sub junc tive
TNS tense
V vowel
VCOMP ver bal complementiser
1 first per son
2 sec ond per son
3 third per son
Æ changes into
xÆy x acts on y
[ ] pho netic rep re sen ta tion
/ / pho ne mic rep re sen ta tion
{} mor pho pho nemic rep re sen ta tion
Subscripted in te gers dis tin guish among dif fer ent mor phemes, morphophonemes, or glosses
show ing the same form.
Words are gen er ally spelt ac cord ing to the or
tho graphic con ven tions of the lan guage if any
are ac cepted, or oth er wise ac cord ing to a stan dard sys tem. Where rel e vant, pho netic forms
are in di cated in IPA.
In flect ing verb roots are cited in cap i tals, with an ini tial hy phen or plus sign (in di cat ing
that they are bound mor phemes that obligatorialy take at least one pre fix; they op tion ally also
take suf fixes).
xi